Practical system
design, documented.

Host massive source repositories with content-addressed objects, atomic references, efficient clone and fetch, protected pushes, code review, large-file storage, and regional replication.

Publish and distribute immutable software packages with deterministic metadata, dependency resolution, content-addressed blobs, provenance, malware scanning, and global replication.

Build large codebases quickly with dependency graphs, content-addressed storage, remote caching, hermetic sandboxes, distributed execution, and reproducible artifacts.

Secure and control service-to-service traffic with workload identity, mTLS, programmable proxies, resilient routing, policy enforcement, observability, and multi-cluster failover.

Issue and validate digital certificates safely with offline roots, hardware-protected signing, automated enrollment, revocation, transparency, and resilient rotation.

Resolve names reliably with anycast authoritative servers, versioned zone distribution, caching, DNSSEC, health-based routing, and layered DDoS protection.

Store exabytes of immutable objects with partitioned metadata, multipart uploads, erasure coding, read-after-write consistency, background repair, lifecycle tiers, and regional replication.

Provide scalable relational transactions with replicated key ranges, MVCC, consensus, distributed SQL execution, secondary indexes, rebalancing, and multi-region placement.

Combine low-cost object storage with transactional tables, schema evolution, compaction, time travel, governance, and scalable analytical query execution.

Replicate database changes safely with log-based capture, consistent snapshots, ordered partitions, schema evolution, idempotent sinks, and recoverable connector state.

Store and search billions of embeddings with approximate nearest-neighbor indexes, metadata filtering, sharding, replication, freshness, and predictable multi-tenant performance.

Deploy and operate models reliably with immutable artifacts, low-latency inference, dynamic batching, accelerator scheduling, autoscaling, canary releases, and drift monitoring.

Define, compute, discover, and serve trustworthy ML features with point-in-time correct training data, low-latency online reads, and consistent transformation logic.

Turn high-volume event streams into fresh, correct dashboards with event-time processing, durable state, replay, tiered storage, and low-latency multidimensional queries.

Execute multi-step business processes reliably with event-sourced histories, deterministic replay, durable timers, idempotent activities, signals, and safe code evolution.

Build, isolate, schedule, and scale event-driven functions with low-latency routing, bounded cold starts, reliable triggers, and precise usage metering.

Run containerized workloads across large clusters with declarative APIs, constraint-aware scheduling, reconciliation loops, service networking, autoscaling, and safe rollouts.

Store and deliver credentials safely with envelope encryption, workload identity, short-lived leases, automated rotation, strict policy, and auditable recovery.

Authenticate people and services, issue secure sessions and tokens, enforce centralized authorization, and preserve auditability across regions and tenants.

Follow requests across services with portable context, adaptive sampling, durable span ingestion, trace assembly, indexed search, and privacy-safe retention.

Turn high-volume usage events into trustworthy quotas, customer-visible meters, rated charges, and auditable invoices without slowing the product path.

Collect, process, retain, and search high-volume application logs with durable ingestion, tiered storage, tenant isolation, and safe handling of sensitive data.

Roll out software safely with local flag evaluation, versioned configuration, real-time updates, deterministic targeting, audit logs, and resilient fallbacks.

Select and deliver relevant ads in milliseconds while enforcing budgets, pacing, frequency caps, attribution, fraud controls, and accurate billing.

Build a reliable payment platform with idempotent APIs, an immutable ledger, asynchronous settlement, reconciliation, refunds, and strict security boundaries.

Generate and rank personalized content at scale while handling freshness, cold start, feedback loops, experimentation, and safety.

Sell scarce seats under extreme contention without overselling, losing reservations, or overwhelming checkout and payment services.

Coordinate ownership across unreliable processes using consensus, leases, fencing tokens, watches, and explicit failure semantics.

Turn a continuously changing web corpus into fast, relevant, and trustworthy search results using distributed indexing and retrieval.

Route, authenticate, protect, and observe API traffic at the edge without turning the gateway into a bottleneck or failure amplifier.

Store and retrieve data across many machines while balancing partitioning, replication, consistency, availability, and repair.

Serve cacheable content close to users while protecting origins, propagating invalidations, and surviving edge and regional failures.

Let many users edit one document concurrently while preserving intent, supporting offline work, and converging after failures.

Match riders with nearby drivers in real time while coordinating location updates, trip state, pricing, payments, and safety.

Build a personalized, low-latency feed that balances freshness and relevance across billions of posts and follower relationships.

Ingest billions of time-series samples, answer interactive queries, and deliver reliable alerts without drowning operators in noise.

Ingest, process, and deliver video globally with adaptive playback, resilient pipelines, and efficient CDN distribution.

Store, synchronize, version, and share files across devices while supporting resumable transfers and regional durability.

Deliver ordered messages across devices with low latency while supporting presence, offline sync, media, and regional failures.

Run one-time and recurring work reliably across a fleet while handling leases, retries, clock skew, and duplicate execution.

Return relevant query suggestions in milliseconds while supporting ranking, typo tolerance, personalization, and continuous updates.

Discover and fetch billions of pages while respecting websites, avoiding duplicate work, and keeping the crawl frontier healthy.

Serve frequently accessed data in milliseconds while handling sharding, hot keys, invalidation, and node failures.

Decouple producers and consumers with durable, ordered delivery that scales across partitions and survives failures.

Generate compact links, redirect with low latency, and scale reads globally without sacrificing reliability.

Protect APIs consistently across regions while keeping enforcement fast and failure modes predictable.

Deliver email, push, and SMS notifications reliably while respecting preferences, retries, and provider limits.